Any book for microstrip antennas should have the formulas you need to find the location of the feed point, to obtain precisely 50Ohm input impedance. Pasternack 微带贴片天线计算器 用于确定矩形贴片天线的长度和宽度 (单位为mm)。. The exterior region is the rest of the space. 27 dB and VSWR of 1. The effect of the air gap distance on the gain of the dual layer microstrip patch antenna at the desired frequency is shown in Figure 4. Calculate the length, width, input impedance and resonant frequency of a microstrip patch antenna for a given substrate and physical parameters. 04/02/2007: Ansoft Designer Planar EM Simulation of a microstrip transmission line added in the TutorialsTools section. Find: (a) The input impedance. The microstrip is a very simple yet useful way to create a transmission line with a PCB. [6] Putranto, Prasetyo, Mashury Wahab, Topik Teguh Estu, and A Flowchart. Feed methodsSlot coupled microstrip patch antenna, shown in Figure 1. The values of air, in Figure 4, represent the distance in mm between. 285 mm × 7. Seguir; Descargar. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator determines the length and width (in millimeters) of a rectangular patch antenna. Two points in space, specified as a 2-by-3 matrix corresponding to two three-element vectors of Cartesian. The antenna is designed using 1. ; Kouloglou, A. The size of a microstrip antenna is inversely proportional to its frequency. Microstrip Line Calculator Analyze or synthesize a. Bessel Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave; Butterworth Lowpass Filter 24 dB/octave;In this type of feeding techniques, three layers are used upper, ground and lower substrate as shown in Fig. 0 mm. The resonant frequency (rf) of a circular patch antenna is approximately given without considering the effect of probe radius by [1]: e r nm r a K c f 2S H * (1) where a e = effective radius of the circular patch c = velocity of light in free. A novel periodic photonic crystal structure with through-holes drilled by a 4 × 7 array based on the line source analysis method was proposed in this paper to improve the gain and radiation of the microstrip antenna. 1 to 10. 244 GHz which gives the measure of the wideband characteristic of the patch antenna. With package sizes from 15. “Microstrip Patch Array Antenna with Inset Fed and Perturbation for a 3 GHz S-Band Coastal. When slots are cut into patch, current is changed. In its simplest form, it uses a conducting “patch” one-half wavelength long, so that the metal surface acts as a resonator similarly to the half-wave dipole antennas. Additional benefits of patch antennas is that they are easily fabricated making. 42MHz and 1598-1606MHz. f if the frequency of the RF signals. Click here to go to our main page on microstrip patch antennas. The patch is generally made of conducting material such as copper and gold (Wikipedia, 2010). You can specify several name-value arguments in any order as Name1=Value1,. 6mm) on the Roger RT/duroid substrate. 762 mm with dielectric constant of 2. 2 answers. 45 GHz. Figure 1. The patch cutout for the feed inset should be > 2 times the microstrip width. For the best radiation characteristics, the proposed. As the name suggests, the length of this transmission line if fixed at a quarter of the wavelength (λ/4). 57 mm thickness. abounding efficient models, improvements to microstrip antennas meet their competencies. The feeding mechanism employs a circular capacitive structure to improve the impedance matching, specifically for microstrip patch antennas on thick dielectrics. Microstrip Patch Antenna Design Calculator 1 Mosin I Memon and 2 Prof. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. In this study the antenna was fed with a microstrip line. The easy calculator yields a reasonable approximation of dimensions, to within 5% over the amateur bands, using typical wire gauges ranging from 12-18 AWG. 14% and 17 dBi, respectively for FBW and Gm considering double resonances in the operating band (i. 244 GHz which gives the measure of the wideband characteristic of the patch antenna. This means that on each side of the feed line there should be a distance of 1/2 the microstrip width on each side of the microstrip between the microstrip feed line and the patch antenna. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator Calculate dimensions and edge impedance for desired resonant frequency. 825 GHz. The bandwidth of the 5-GHz WLAN band is about 650 MHz, from 5. This paper proposes a design and fabrication of a floodlight-shaped microstrip patch antenna using flame-retardant (FR)-4 substrate within the frequency band of 1-6 GHz. The proposed 1 × 8 arrays. 03/10/2007: Online microstrip patch antenna calculator added in the Tutorials\Tools section. There is no such optimal value (Radiation resistance determines the power that is radiated by the antenna,Higher the better) and you can do feed point for the patch using the equation presented in the balanis book or send me over your microstrip patch design,i will do it for you. The microstrip patch is feed by microstrip line trough slot in the common ground plane. The general dimensions are /2, however due to the specific dynamics of the antenna and the fringing fields, the exact dimensions require more careful calculations. The first layer is about 9. 1. The. The proposed patch antenna consists of four rectangular slots and a circular slot etched into the patch with a coaxial feeding network matched to 50ohms input impedance. 123456. Step 2: Calculation of the Effective Dielectric Constant. While copper is overwhelmingly used as the radiated part in microstrip antenna design studies, the choice of dielectric material offers a wide range of possibilities. 23 ×. J. This means that on each side of the feed line there should be a distance of 1/2 the microstrip width on each side of the microstrip between the microstrip feed line and the patch antenna. deepcold said: thanks. 67 GHz with their return losses at −28, −17, and −22 dB, respectively. By understanding the microstrip transmission line, designers can. The radiation of the patch is. 9, Iss. 5 and. The microstrip antenna, Part 1: Basics. 03/10/2007: Online microstrip patch antenna calculator added in the TutorialsTools section. 2 (Cavity Model Analysis), pp. Some of them include Microstrip, Stripline and Coplanar Waveguide. 5 GHz for the patch with default dimensions. As a flat antenna, arrays can have a large aperture, with corresponding high gain, but having low volume and weight. To determine the width (W), the microstrip patch antenna calculator was used to provide an initial starting point. GUI front end for rectangular patch antenna - "Microstrip Patch Antenna Design Calculator"(a) A rectangular patch microstrip antenna fed with a microstrip edge feed. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. 3 ( 1) eff. 12LNO/0. 09/08/2007: Online VSWR calculator added. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. Full ground plane microstrip antenna without slots and with vertical slots fabricated on FR-4 with a thickness of 1. The length of the dipole is usually one-half of the wavelength of the RF signals. Calculation Dielectric Height: Operation Frequency: Result: Microstrip Patch Antennas (or simply patch antenna) are increasingly useful because the antenna is printed directly onto a circuit board. 1. In the circular case, instead of the operating frequencies being related to rectangular resonances, they will be related to circular resonances defined by cylindrical Bessel functions. antenna. 4 KE, 1. 2 Cavity Method 3. Developers can show information here about how their app collects. 1245,1251, Sep 1998. When playing, some cookies are set and your privacy is futschikato. λ = Signal wavelength in meter (m) = c/f ( where f = signal frequency, C = speed of light = 2. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. Its key features include a limited bandwidth, low cost, and ease of manufacture. And does any one have the idea. Patch antenna with a quarter-wavelength matching section. The default patch is centered at the origin. The substrate is backed underneath by a ground plane constructed from a 2D rectangular sheet, which. 44 L5 5 W4 1However, in this paper, hexagonal microstrip patch antennas are designed and simulated for wireless backhaul at 3. Antennas Propagation ,7 pages. Follow the below steps to calculate the width and length of microstrip patch antenna dimensions for the desired results with the given dielectric material. The microstrip antenna is either fed with a microstrip line or cable. 38 GHz. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator by em talk for a simple rectangular patch antenna. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal foil of various. Easy to form a large array, spaced at half-wavelength or less. It consists of a rectangular radiator patch, which is fed by microstrip transmission line. 2 Microstrip patch antenna designed using IE3D The results tabulated below are obtained after varying the feed location along the length of the patch from the origin (center of patch) to its right most edge. Formula for Differential Microstrip Impedance Calculator (Using Zo) Where, Z d = Differential Impedance. The microstrip calculator determines the width and length of a microstrip line for a given characteristic impedance (Zo) and electrical length or vice versa. 6mm thick. Parametric analysis and design of 28GHz microstrip patch antenna. RF calculations and conversions include metric-standard, link. There should be a solid ground in the layer underneath the trace. Description of the original designs. Keywords-Microstrip patch antenna, return loss, feed line, finite element methods, method of moments and radiation loss. 5 mm 3 and. 1 depicts the microstrip antenna geometry. This calculator will help. In present communication the square microstrip patch antenna is designed and analyzed for parameters like return loss, VSWR, smith chart, and radiation pattern by using Ansoft Designer SV2. A 77 GHz series-fed. 1 – 5 Decreasing σ will decrease the boom length L. You can start with simpler formula: L ≈ 0. The microstrip antenna can also be matched to a transmission line of characteristic impedance Z0 by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line of characteristic impedance Z1 as shown in Figure 2. λ 20 - wavelength for 20 ohm microstrip line (wavelength in wide patch seems to be similar to wide low-impedance microstrip line) Then use L for both patch width and patch height. In this work, we have designed a Coplanar waveguide microstrip patch antenna with linear, upper and bottom and side slots for application in DSRC. Based on the traditional genetic algorithm, the study explores different array topologies consisting of the same microstrip patches to optimize the design. 20 Apr 2021. Patch antenna with a quarter-wavelength matching section. 0. Patch antenna is printed on FR4 material with. Download microstrip patch antenna calculator. 1. Then, a metal strip in the form of a sign (+) is added within the four segments connecting the antenna feeding line to this strip []. 2017. 2. Note that a quarter-wave length transformer was used to match the patch to a 50 Ohm feed line. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. As noted above, curved implementa-tions can be made to conform to aircraft hulls. A frequency range of 1. altium. The microstrip patch is feed by microstrip line trough slot in the common ground plane. 1 GHz is selected and 401The microstrip patch antenna is one of the most prominent antennas for THz band applications such future 5G communication systems and advanced wireless communication system. Basic layout of rectangular patch antenna. Name is the property name and Value is the corresponding value. 4 GHz, whichThe standard rectangular microstrip patch antenna has a narrow impedance bandwidth typically less than 5%. 5 GHz for the patch with default dimensions. The microstrip patch antenna model used for the numerical simulation in Ansoft HFSS is shown in Fig. 05/25/2007: Printed Dipole Antenna using Ansoft Designer added in the TutorialsTools section. The microstrip patch antenna spots much pertinence in wireless transmission. **Note: Like our microstrip line impedance. 64×14. Suntsu Patch Antennas offer GPS and GLONASS communications serving the Smart grid, IOT, Enterprise, Automotive, Telecommunications, and Consumer Wireless Industries. 1 Microstrip line feed excited rectangular patch antenna a Top view b Side view Fig. You can perform full-wave EM solver based analysis on the regular patchMicrostripInsetfed antenna or you can create a patchMicrostripInsetfed type AIAntenna and explore the. 45-2. 1b. 2mm x 2. Note that the "h", for dielectric thickness in this formula is omitted in some other Polar publications. Create the geometry of the Yagi-Uda antenna with two director elements of the length 131. Description. 3, and a gain of 6. The physical length of an antenna is the actual physical dimensions of the antenna. The Coaxial feed or probe feed is one of the most common techniques used for feeding microstrip patch antennas. b) determine the physical dimensions (width-W1 and W2 and length-L1) of a rectangular microstrip patch. 42MHz and 1598-1606MHz. R = Zo (K + 1/K) Where, K2 = P3 / P2; (P3 - power at port 3) (P2 - power at port 2). In this design the substrate RT Duroid was used due to its advantages. Find Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator at CalcTown. Here you can find some references for microstrip patch antenna design. Microstrip patch antennas are used for communication purposes especially in military and civil applications. 39, can take many geometric shapes, with the rectangle, square, and circle being the most common. The rectangular microstrip antenna is represented as two slots or apertures (of width W and height h) separated by a low impedance transmission line of length L (see Figure 14. Create Geometry. 4. 1. This example uses a Yagi-Uda antenna with the same dimensions as given in . When a Teflon dielectric substrate is used, the resonant frequency is 12. Williams, S. ” Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications. Fig. (2013) Advanced Circularly Polarised. Below is the standard input impedance of an inset fed patch antenna at 2. t is the Thickness of track (1 oz/ft2 = 0. 04/02/2007: Ansoft Designer Planar EM Simulation of a microstrip transmission line added in the TutorialsTools section. It also provides formulas, equations, and applications of this popular microwave antenna. The Octagon-Star geometry comprises three. The basic outline of the antenna is depicted in Figure 1, where W is the width, and L is the length (relative to the feed point) [7]. Panel antenna “Double Ellipse-rectangle” for 3G/4G bands. Instead of using larger antenna, Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is now the first choice of any system designer. pAI = design (patchMicrostripInsetfed,4. Here's a tip on an easy way to calculate the radius of a circular patch antenna from a rectangle patch antenna, from Dan: Lately I've been working on a dual band dual polarized AESA for a mobile weather radar for those guys who like to chase tornadoes. The antenna characteristics such as return loss (S11), VSWR, gain, directivity, and bandwidth and radiation pattern for each of the mentioned microstrip patch shapes are evaluated experimentally and with the use of. The microstrip patch antennas as radiating device have advantages like, low profile, conformal and low-cost. The reactance reaches 0 Ohms at around 2. 4 GHz with gain 11 d B for outdoor place. The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. Fringing of the fields, particularly the electric field, at the edges of the patch is an issue of concern because of the finite dimensions involved. Since the operating bandwidth of the conventional design is extremely narrow, a metasurface is utilized for bandwidth. 3, h = 1. 9. Firstly you had to determine target frequency and substrate material. It should be less than -10 dB for the acceptable operation. 906cmand =1. A compact ultra-wideband patch antenna is presented in this paper. This example shows how to create an AI model based inset-fed microstrip patch antenna at 4. Enter the resonant frequency or the substrate parameters and get the. “468” is the constant used to convert frequency in MHz to feet. With package sizes from 15. This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5. Many modal waves are excited. 45GHz. This calculator is essential for engineers, students, and researchers in the field of wireless communication. It should be less than -10 dB for the acceptable operation. 0300. However, microstrip antennas have several disadvantages, including a limited bandwidth of operation, low gain, and surface-wave losses. The antenna is designed withcircularly polarized antenna based on a circular microstrip patch. The structure consists of two dielectric layers, which may have different thickness and dielectric constants. For starter you can use standards like FR-4 substrate material with epsilon_r = 4. 3 and 1. 4 for FR4 . The Single Microstrip Patch Antenna is well studied. A new design procedure based on the odd-even mode method to calculate the input impedance of an asymmetric strip folded dipole antenna is presented. 06/27/2007: EM Talk Blog added. Coupling of the slot to the dominant mode of the patch and the microstrip line occurs because the slot interrupts the longitudinal current flow in them. The proposed antenna resonates at 27. 6K Downloads. e. In the circular case, instead of the operating frequencies being related to. ; Sahalos, J. IEEE Trans. They hadlarge in intensity and extravagant because of the province. Therefore, in this paper, a low profile hexagonal microstrip patch antenna has been proposed for the technology to detect breast cancer. 05 GHz) with the average gain of 6 dBi. 86 dB at the frequency of 2. In recent years, the use of microstrip patch antennas have increased because of the inherent advantages. Theory of Patch Antenna . Note that a quarter-wave length transformer was used to match the patch to a 50 Ohm feed line. This antenna is fed using probe feed model. 4 and a microstrip line feed is used. This paper presents a bi-port, single-layered (planar), dual circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna with improved interport isolation for S-band satellite telemetry and telecommand applications. 6 mm. 1 Review Downloads: 0 This Week Last Update: 2023-05-16. Circular polarization is generated by truncating two opposite edges from a circular patch antenna at 45° to theFirst the model of the microstrip patch antenna has to be drawn in HFSS. 1 mm. Microstrip Line Calculator Analyze or synthesize a microstrip line based on substrate parameters and frequency. To determine the width (W), the microstrip patch antenna calculator was used to provide an initial starting point. The computations of the antenna and its substrate, electrical and physical parameters are calculated by using microstrip line and patch calculator. 23 GHz. This antenna does not take any much extra size and can be etched on the same mobile PCB itself. The operating frequency is 2. In this work, the RMPA, CMPA and TMPA have been fabricated to operate at 28 GHz for the application in 5 G technology. For more general patch antenna. Ali H. This is based on the height, dielectric. Hi, as I know feeding a rectangular patch antenna directly at the edge is not a good idea,. Antennas Propag. Here's a tip on an easy way to calculate the radius of a circular patch antenna from a rectangle patch antenna, from Dan: Lately I've been working on a dual band dual polarized AESA for a mobile weather radar for those guys who like to chase tornadoes. The design theory of antenna is studied by various researchers and different types of geometry models are invented with respect to their knowledge and applications [2] [3] [4]. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator - This calculator calculates the length and width of a patch antenna based on the frequency, dielectric constant of the dielectric and the. Proximity coupled microstrip patch antennas have been investigated for various applications but research on the positioning and length of the proximity coupled feed is limited. For the best radiation characteristics, the proposed. Microstrip_Patch_Antenna_Calculator. 60mm. 04/03/2007: Microstrip Patch Antenna: From Simulation to Realization added in the TutorialsTools section. In 13, a three-band frequency reconfigurable antenna has been proposed for a. Figure 2. A 77 GHz series-fed. com in 2 categories. Assume patch antenna is operating in TM_10, then at centre of patch the impedance of the patch antenna is zero and at the edge of the patch the impedance is maximum ( near about 200 ohm practically). The input impedance of these antennas depends on their geometrical shape, dimensions, the physical properties of the materials involved, the feed type and location. TEM (Transverse electromagnetic) wave is the electromagnetic wave in which the electric field (E vector) and magnetic field (H vector) point purely transverse to the direction of propagation. This paper presents a high-band microstrip antenna of dimension (5 × 5 × 1) mm 3 for 5G wireless mobile communications ranging up to 40–45 GHz. The length L of the rectangular patch for the fundamental excitation mode is slightly less than λ/2. microstrip patch antenna, also fulfils all requirements for antennas used in satellite communication system. gold) [4]. - MicroStrip Calculator - Cascaded Noise Figure Calculator - Resonant Frequency Calculator - Skin Depth Calculator - VSWR Calculator. The patch antenna is designed for 2. By default, the dimensions are chosen for an resonant frequency of 15 GHz. Matlab/Freemat file 1. 56 mm, dielectric constant of 4. 14-5. 2 GHz. ( ) ( ) () (1) where R in (y = 0) is the input impedance at the leading radiating edge of the patch and R in (y = y 0) is the desired input impedance (50 Ω). Tripathi1 and Rahul Rishi2 1Department of ECE, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119, Haryana, India; sonia 990@gmail. 4 GHz, microstrip line feed. The designed antenna can be used in small handheld. Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator; PCB Loop Antenna Calculator; Wokatenna Design; Yagi Uda Antenna Designer (NBS Tech. The length of the metal patch is λ/2. Product Categories; Custom Products. 1. The simulation results of the patch array microstrip antenna rectangular 2x2 elements with substrate material are FR4 able to work at a frequency of 2. A microstrip width calculator can calculate the width of a microstrip. 2 GHz, with a frequency range of 2. In this article, we will discuss the antenna design and performance. They are mostly used at microwave frequencies. (ii) Transmission Line equations: The proposed antenna is designed with the specifications as f o = 2. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. Because of small size, light weight, less cost and good performance these types of antennas are also used in spacecraft, satellite and missile applications []. Microstrip Patch Antennas (or simply patch antenna) are increasingly useful because the antenna is printed directly onto a circuit board. Updated on. However, the fringing fields which are responsible for radiation are shorted on the far end, so only the fields nearest the transmission line radiate. Center. The Patch Antenna online calculator, which is based on simplified formulas for calculating microstrip transmission lines and is intended for preliminary calcula The microstrip patch antenna calculator determines the length (L) and width (W) of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for a given resonant frequency or vice versa. microstrip-antenna-calculator A microstrip patch antenna calculator Brought to you by: hilmi. Design of an antenna. Wilson, Graduate Student Radar and Communications Lab Department of Electrical Engineering Penn State University, State College, PA. I got the equations from an article by Professor Ben Horwath at Santa Clara U (titled Microstrip Patch Antenna. 微带贴片天线 (或简称贴片天线). The square microstrip antenna is designed on dielectric material FR-4 (lossy) and height from ground plane is sh = 0. The passive antenna is a critical part of any wireless communications link, for both transmit and. 62mm. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. The dimensions of antenna can be found in the HFSS simulation file. Cite. A microwave brain imaging system model is envisaged to detect and visualize tumor inside the human brain. 04/03/2007: Microstrip Patch Antenna: From Simulation to Realization added in the TutorialsTools section. Library and Installation Install library PyQt5A simple structure concentric annular-ring slot dual-band circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna operating at ISM band (2. Benefits of Microstrip Patch Antenna Transmission situated operations. It is possible to match the patch antenna from below 30Ω to above 200Ω. 0×25. The patched antennas with slots and slits is. This paper review the different meth - ods used to calculate the input impedance of microstrip patch antenna along with different impedance match-ing techniques. Compared to waveguides, microstrip is generally has a lower power handling capacity, and higher losses due to the fact that it is not enclosed. Figure 6. 70x 38. php 5858 Bytes 31-05-2023 10:13:36. 2 Circular patch antenna with solid probe feed a Top view b Side view IET Microw. The ANSI-based circular microstrip patch antenna is designed to work at 7. In this research, a microstrip patch antenna design operating at 10 GHz frequency was carried out. 6mm) on the Roger RT/duroid substrate. The fields in this region can be modeled as a transmission line section or a cavity giving rise to the designations transmission line model and cavity model. 4 GHz operation on a substrate with 2. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In summary, the design process for the coaxial probe placement is simple: Select an operating frequency and stackup. This can be set to zero, but the calculated loss will not include conductor losses. pm = patchMicrostrip creates a microstrip patch antenna. 235 mm × 0. 1. “Microstrip Patch Array Antenna with Inset Fed and Perturbation for a 3 GHz S-Band Coastal Radar. 1). The substrate parameters. 72 THz in order to improve its performance by suppressing undesirable surface waves that are found in the homogeneous substrate. 5 mm. 58–0. More than 100 million people. 1,312. Fig. It is possible to match the patch antenna from below 30Ω to above 200Ω. 0mm to 25. These two layers are separated by a ground plane with a slot, which provides coupling. The designed antenna has inset feed over microstrip line feeding geometry. Decreasing τ will. Analyze. 1). A patch antenna, depicted in Figure 1. 8), the ratio of W/H for fifty-ohm microstrip is about 95%. The inset-feed patch antenna typically comprises of a notch that is cut from the non-radiating edge of the patch to allow for the planar feeding mechanism. 4. In this example, you create a 2x2 patch array on FR4, analyze the antenna, and generate Gerber files of the PCB for prototyping. The following equation roughly describes how the bandwidth scales with these parameters: Design parameters and tradeoffs are presented for microstrip antennas. In this example, you create a 2x2 patch array on FR4, analyze the antenna, and generate Gerber files of the PCB for prototyping. Microstrip patch antennas have been used extensively in applications requiring low-profile, mounting structure conforming, and low-cost wireless communications. 3 The. Calculator 1: This calculates the Resonant Frequency of the LC tank circuit by entering the inductance and capacitance values. The final constructed antennas are shown in Figures 3 and 4. [Google Scholar] Samaras, T. This paper proposes a method for designing a 77 GHz series-fed patch array antenna. For our microstrip patch antenna a = (W/2 + 2h) where 2h is the approximated width extension due to the fringing field , and η = 94%. 1,283. 76SR composite as a substrate. For this purpose, in this. Ae = Effective antenna aperture in m 2. 4GHz and 12GHz using HFSS simulator software for various WLN (Wireless Local Area Network) applications, Bluetooth, and IoT communications. Microstrip patch antenna with air gap [16] f.